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Alzheimer’s disease is a neurodegenerative disease that most commonly affects older people. Symptoms include progressive dementia, memory problems, irritability and mood swings. Alzheimer’s disease is incurable and often excludes sick people from independent functioning.
The causes of Alzheimer’s disease
The occurrence of Alzheimer’s disease is associated with various factors: genetic, environmental, and mental (prolonged mental activity delays the disease). So far, however, the decisive cause of Alzheimer’s disease has not been established. There are several scientific hypotheses, including changes in DNA that could contribute to the appearance of the disease.
Alzheimer’s disease causes, inter alia, cognitive disorders that result from disturbances in signal transduction in the cholinergic system of the forebrain. These disorders result from the degeneration of cholinergic neurons (responsible for attention, reminding). Other neurons are also damaged, which causes apathy, delusions, aggression, and obscene behavior.
The course of Alzheimer’s disease
The main cause of dementia in Alzheimer’s disease is damage to cholinergic neurons, however, the earliest amyloid deposits appear in the glutamatergic neurons responsible for excitatory transmission of the brain, located in the entorhinal and associative cortex and the hippocampus. These brain structures are responsible for memory and perception. Then the senile plaques appear in the cholinergic and serotonin fibers. As the disease progresses, the amount of amyloid deposits increases and leads to the extinction of glutamatergic, cholinergic, serotonin and noradrenergic neurons.
Alzheimer’s disease begins imperceptibly and does not have a standardized course. It lasts from 5 to 12 years. The first symptoms are memory and mood disorders (depression and verbal-physical aggression). Then, the problems with fresh and distant memory worsen, making it impossible to function independently. Alzheimer’s patients begin to have speech difficulties, medications and hallucinations worsen. In advanced disease, the patient is unable to recognize anyone, utters single words, sometimes does not speak at all. Generally, he spends all the time in bed and is unable to eat on his own. Usually he becomes deeply apathetic, but sometimes there are symptoms of violent agitation.
Itoju arun Alzheimer
In the symptomatic treatment of Alzheimer’s, various types of drugs are used, including: procognitive drugs (improving cognitive abilities), increasing brain metabolism, psychostimulating drugs, improving cerebral circulation, lowering blood pressure, anticoagulants, preventing cerebral hypoxia, vitamins, anti-inflammatory drugs, psychotropic drugs.
Unfortunately, no treatment has yet been developed for the causes of Alzheimer’s disease. One of the most common therapeutic procedures is increasing the quality of conductivity in the cholinergic system – most severely affected by this disease.
Discovery in 1986 neuronal growth factor (NGF) It brought new hope for the emergence of a new effective drug in neurodegenerative diseases. NGF exerts trophic (improves survival) and triopic (stimulates growth) effects on many neuronal populations, prevents damage to nerve cells. This suggested that NGF could be a potential candidate for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Unfortunately, NGF is a protein that does not cross the blood-brain barrier and must be administered intracerebrally. Unfortunately, direct injection of NGF into the fluid in the cerebral ventricles causes many serious side effects
Some studies also suggest that substances from the group of phosphodiesterase inhibitors may be an effective drug in inhibiting the development and reducing symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease. A group of researchers at Columbia University, led by Ottavio Arancio and Michael Shelanski, found that treatment with rolipram (the drug is used to treat depression in some countries) improves memory and cognition. Moreover, this drug is effective not only in the early stages of the disease, but also in people with advanced Alzheimer’s disease. Rolipram is a phosphodiesterase inhibitor. Phosphodiesterase is responsible for the breakdown of the signaling molecule cAMP, which stimulates the growth of nervous tissue. Rolipram inhibits the breakdown of cAMP by inhibiting phosphodiesterase activity, which causes cAMP to accumulate in damaged nervous tissue. As a result, the processes needed to regenerate damaged nerve cells can take place.
By using the brain intensively, we protect it against neurodegenerative processes and at the same time induce neurogenesis, thereby prolonging the youth of our mind and increasing the chances of remaining intellectually fit for the rest of our lives. So thinking shapes not only our life, but also our health.
Read more about a protective diet for Alzheimer’s!
Text: Krzysztof Tokarski, MD, PhD, researcher at the Institute of Pharmacology of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Krakow
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