The influence of this psychological phenomenon is very great. We all know how to «hang labels». Teachers give students a «diagnosis» of the eternal bully or the best in the class. We once and for all reward a colleague with the stigma of a successful employee or a failure. Why do we judge by the first and usually superficial impression? Is it possible to “break through” once formed opinions about us and about others?
Ti iwo akọkọ ti eniyan ba jẹ rere, pẹlu nitori awọn ayidayida, lẹhinna ami afikun naa fa si gbogbo awọn ẹya ati awọn iṣe rẹ. O ti dariji pupọ. Ti o ba jẹ pe, ni ilodi si, ifarahan akọkọ jẹ aifọwọyi, lẹhinna, bi o ṣe jẹ pe eniyan ṣe daradara ni ojo iwaju, a ṣe ayẹwo nipasẹ prism ti iṣaju akọkọ.
Fun awọn ara ilu Russia, ipa yii le ṣe alaye pẹlu iranlọwọ ti owe naa "wọn pade gẹgẹbi aṣọ wọn, wo wọn ni ibamu si ọkan wọn". Iyatọ ti o yatọ ni pe nitori ipa ti ipa halo, wọn nigbagbogbo "ri" gbogbo eniyan ni awọn aṣọ kanna. Ati pe ki ọkan le rii lẹhin rẹ, ẹniti o gbe halo nilo lati ṣe igbiyanju pupọ.
Ọ̀pọ̀ ìgbà ni a kì í borí ẹ̀tanú. Eyi jẹ akiyesi paapaa ni awọn ọmọde ati awọn ẹgbẹ ọdọ. Fun apẹẹrẹ, ti ẹni tuntun si kilaasi ko ba ni ilọsiwaju ti o si jẹ aami lẹsẹkẹsẹ bi ailọrun nipasẹ awọn ọmọ ile-iwe, igbagbogbo ojutu nikan ni lati yi awọn kilasi pada, nibiti o le bẹrẹ tuntun ki o tun gbiyanju lẹẹkansi lati ṣe ifihan akọkọ.
Kini isẹlẹ yii?
In the 1920s, the American psychologist Edward Thorndike discovered that when we evaluate others, we are guided by the perception of certain personality traits — such as appearance, cheerfulness, talkativeness — and they overshadow everything else. The psychologist called this phenomenon the halo effect or the halo effect.
The halo effect describes an unconscious perception error: individual qualities of a person — attractiveness, external inferiority, exceptional achievements — dominate other qualities unknown to us, which we ourselves think out, finish drawing in our heads. The first impression overshadows everything else, creating a halo. In social psychology, the effect is referred to as cognitive distortions.
For example, imagine that you are introduced to a person with amazingly good manners — and in a few minutes you create in your head the image of a well-groomed, educated, eloquent, charming interlocutor.
In other words, a single distinguishing feature allows us to infer other unknown qualities.
An overweight person is often perceived as lazy, weak-willed, clumsy, or even stupid. Students with glasses are considered by many teachers to be more well-read and even smarter.
And, of course, Hollywood stars fall under the influence of the halo effect. Since many actors are associated with the characters they play, and we see them in reports and on TV as glamorous divas, we believe that they are like that in real life.
O dara, ọran olokiki julọ ti ipa ti ipa halo ni Khlestakov lati ọdọ Oluyẹwo Ijọba. Gbogbo awujọ ni akọkọ gba u gẹgẹbi oluyẹwo, lai ṣe akiyesi awọn aiṣedeede ati awọn aṣiṣe ti o han ni ihuwasi ati awọn ọrọ rẹ.
Kini idi ti ọpọlọ wa nilo ipa yii?
Laisi ipa halo, ọpọlọpọ awọn apa ti eto-ọrọ aje yoo rọ nirọrun. "Ti mo ba wọ sokoto kanna bi obirin oniṣowo ti o ṣaṣeyọri yii, Emi yoo ni imọran kanna!" Ẹya ara ilu Kannada lesekese yipada si ẹya ara ẹrọ njagun (ati paapaa idiyele rẹ ga soke si awọn ọgọọgọrun awọn owo ilẹ yuroopu) ti o ba ṣe akiyesi ati fi sii nipasẹ irawọ tabi supermodel. Eleyi jẹ aijọju bi o ti ṣiṣẹ.
Àmọ́, kí nìdí tí ọpọlọ wa fi máa ń ṣe wá sínú ìdẹkùn? Jakejado aye wa, a ni lati ilana tobi oye akojo ti alaye. A nilo lati lilö kiri pẹlu alaye ti o kere ju, ati fun eyi a nilo lati ṣe iyatọ bakan awọn nkan agbegbe ati awọn koko-ọrọ, ni ajọṣepọ pẹlu wọn. Ipa halo jẹ irọrun awọn ilana wọnyi.
If every time we deeply analyzed the entire incoming stream of visual and other stimuli, we would simply go crazy
So in a sense, the halo effect is our defense mechanism. But at the same time, we deprive ourselves of a more objective view, which means that we limit our capabilities. And the one on whom we «put on» a halo runs the risk of forever remaining in our eyes in the role we have invented for him.
Bawo ni lati bori ipa halo?
Alas, "disabling" awọn halo jẹ soro, ati igba soro. A le ṣe akiyesi rẹ ni akoko yii ni oju-iwoye tiwa ti ẹlomiran tabi ni igbelewọn tiwa, ṣugbọn ni akoko ti o tẹle a yoo ṣubu labẹ agbara rẹ laisi airotẹlẹ. Bó tilẹ̀ jẹ́ pé gbogbo wa la mọ gbólóhùn náà “má ṣe ṣèdájọ́ ìwé pẹ̀lú èèpo rẹ̀,” ohun tí gbogbo wa sábà máa ń ṣe gan-an nìyẹn.
If the person whom we awarded the halo is important and dear to us, the only antidote is to analyze our impression, decompose it into its components: highlight the leading, key feature for the halo and name the rest that are gone in our perception due to the halo effect on the second plan. Especially such a technique is necessary for managers, HR-specialists who make personnel decisions. For example, in Australia, resumes are not accompanied by photographs so that external data does not overshadow the competencies of the applicant.
Pupọ wa jẹ oludibo, nitorinaa a ko gbọdọ ra sinu ipa halo ti awọn oloselu ti o, paapaa ṣaaju awọn idibo, gbiyanju lati han ni alaanu ti o yatọ, ṣiṣi ati lodidi. Ati pe nibi awa tikararẹ yẹ ki o gba alaye nipa oludije, ki o má ba di olufaragba ti ẹtan ara ẹni.
And no one prevents us from collecting information about ourselves and our own halo — about how others perceive us.
We can honestly say that we know about the phenomenon of the halo effect, and invite the interlocutor or colleague to look a little deeper under our “nimbus” and give us a chance to show all our qualities. Directness and sincerity are often disarming. You can also think about how we would like to look in the eyes of others and what we can do for this, but in such a way as to remain ourselves.